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Poodle

Life expectancy
14 years
95% CI 13.8 to 14.1 · McMillan 2024, n=6,427
Highest allele frequency
Progressive Rod-Cone Degeneration
8.2% of gene copies · 3,547 dogs tested · Donner 2023
Behind this page
55 dogs
behind the atlas figures · 7,853 tested for variants
Then:Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome · 6.3%Pituitary-Dependent Hyperadrenocorticism · 2.7%

Poodles have a cited life expectancy of 14 years (McMillan 2024 / VetCompass, n=6,427, 95% CI 13.8 to 14.1). The tested variant with the highest allele frequency is Progressive Rod-Cone Degeneration, at 8.2% among the 3,547 Poodles tested (Donner 2023; gene copies, not dogs), then Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome (6.3%) and Pituitary-Dependent Hyperadrenocorticism (2.7%).

Poodle
Photo: Tim Wilson from Blaine, MN, USA · CC BY 2.0 · Wikimedia

Also known as Caniche and Pudelhund.

See in the atlas → From CanVAS
Mendelian-disease genetics

Which disease variants turn up in Poodles?

From a panel of 250 Mendelian-disease variants screened in 1,054,293 dogs (Donner et al. 2023), 28 turn up in Poodles at observable frequency. The figure beside each is its allele frequency. Of the gene copies tested in this breed, the share that carry the variant. Every dog carries two copies, so this is not the share of dogs. It is not clinical risk. Most recessive variants require two copies for disease expression; many dominant variants show incomplete penetrance. Read this as a population fingerprint of what's in the gene pool, not a per-dog prediction.

Chondrodystrophy and Intervertebral Disc Disease Risk (CDDY)
Autosomal dominant
high frequency band 100.0%
n = 1 dogs · 1 variant tested · OMIA:000157-9615 · omia.org →
FGF4what this gene does

FGF4 influences leg length by affecting bone growth, leading to shorter legs in certain breeds.

For your dog: If your dog is from a breed known to carry this gene, it's worth discussing spinal health with your vet, but being a carrier doesn’t guarantee problems.

Degenerative Myelopathy (DM)
Autosomal recessive
high frequency band 50.0%
n = 1 dogs · 1 variant tested · OMIA:000263-9615 · omia.org →
SOD1what this gene does

SOD1 is a gene that helps protect cells from damage caused by harmful molecules called free radicals.

For your dog: If your dog is a carrier of SOD1 variants, it's worth discussing with your vet, but remember carrier status doesn't mean your dog will get the disease.

Pituitary-Dependent Hyperadrenocorticism
Autosomal dominant
moderate frequency band 2.7%
n = 4,203 dogs · 1 variant tested · OMIA:000247-9615 · omia.org →
Progressive Rod-Cone Degeneration (prcd-PRA)
Autosomal recessive
low frequency band 8.2%
n = 3,547 dogs · 1 variant tested · OMIA:001298-9615 · omia.org →
PRCDwhat this gene does

PRCD is a gene involved in the health of a dog's retina, the part of the eye that detects light and helps with vision.

For your dog: If your dog belongs to a breed known to carry PRCD changes, it's worth discussing eye health and potential genetic testing with your vet.

Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome
Autosomal recessive
low frequency band 6.3%
n = 48 dogs · 1 variant tested · OMIA:002203-9615 · omia.org →
TNXBwhat this gene does

TNXB is a gene that helps produce a protein important for connective tissue, which supports skin, joints, and other structures in the body.

For your dog: If your dog is from a breed known to carry TNXB variants, it's worth discussing with your vet, especially if you notice unusual joint flexibility or skin issues.

Dilated Cardiomyopathy risk factor (PDK4-related)
Multifactorial (OMIA); Autosomal dominant (Incomplete penetrance) (Donner 2023)
marker disputed 3.0%
n = 3,555 dogs · 2 variants tested · OMIA:000162-9615 · omia.org →
PDK4what this gene does

PDK4 helps regulate how cells use energy, especially in the heart muscle.

For your dog: If your dog is one of the breeds known to carry this gene, it’s worth discussing heart health with your vet, but being a carrier doesn’t mean your dog will develop disease.

Osteochondrodysplasia
Autosomal recessive
low frequency band 2.1%
n = 94 dogs · 1 variant tested · OMIA:001400-9615 · omia.org →
SLC13A1what this gene does

SLC13A1 is a gene that helps transport important molecules involved in bone and cartilage health. It plays a role in maintaining the structure and function of these tissues.

For your dog: If your dog is one of the breeds known to carry this gene variant, it’s worth discussing with your vet to understand what it means for their bone health and care.

Cone-Rod Dystrophy (cord1-PRA/crd4)
Autosomal recessive
low frequency band 1.1%
n = 3,550 dogs · 1 variant tested · OMIA:001432-9615 · omia.org →
RPGRIP1what this gene does

RPGRIP1 is a gene involved in the function of photoreceptor cells in the eye, which help dogs see in different light conditions.

For your dog: If your dog belongs to a breed known to carry RPGRIP1 mutations, it’s worth discussing with your vet to understand the risks and monitor eye health.

Von Willebrand's Disease, Type 1 (vWD 1)
Autosomal (OMIA); Autosomal recessive (Donner 2023)
low frequency band 1.1%
n = 4,202 dogs · 1 variant tested · OMIA:001057-9615 · omia.org →
Neonatal Encephalopathy with Seizures (NEWS)
Autosomal recessive
Likely pathogenic / pathogenic low frequency band 0.64%
n = 4,203 dogs · 1 variant tested · OMIA:001471-9615 · omia.org →
Ichthyosis
Autosomal recessive
low frequency band 0.29%
n = 4,203 dogs · 1 variant tested · OMIA:001588-9615 · omia.org →
PNPLA1what this gene does

PNPLA1 is a gene involved in maintaining the skin's barrier by helping produce essential fats that keep the skin healthy and hydrated.

For your dog: If your dog is from a breed known to carry PNPLA1 variants and shows persistent dry, flaky skin, it's worth discussing with your vet to understand if genetics might be playing a role.

Cystinuria Type I-B (SLC7A9 p.A217T)
Autosomal dominant (OMIA); Autosomal recessive (Incomplete penetrance) (Donner 2023)
marker disputed 0.14%
n = 4,203 dogs · 2 variants tested · OMIA:001880-9615 · omia.org →
SLC7A9what this gene does

SLC7A9 is a gene that helps transport certain amino acids in the kidneys. It plays a role in how the body handles cystine, an amino acid that can form crystals.

For your dog: If your dog is a carrier, it’s worth discussing with your vet to monitor urinary health and catch any issues early.

Bleeding disorder (P2RY12-related)
Autosomal recessive
low frequency band <0.1%
n = 3,555 dogs · 1 variant tested · OMIA:001564-9615 · omia.org →
P2RY12what this gene does

P2RY12 is a gene that helps control how platelets stick together to form blood clots, which is essential for stopping bleeding.

For your dog: If your dog is from one of these breeds, it’s worth asking your vet about P2RY12 to understand any potential bleeding risks, especially before surgery or injury.

MDR1 (Multidrug Resistance 1) Medication Sensitivity
Autosomal incomplete dominant
low frequency band <0.1%
n = 3,555 dogs · 1 variant tested · OMIA:001402-9615 · omia.org →
ABCB1what this gene does

ABCB1 is a gene that helps control how certain drugs are processed and cleared from a dog's body.

For your dog: If your dog is from a breed that carries this gene variant, ask your vet about medication sensitivities before giving any new drugs.

Progressive Retinal Atrophy (GR_PRA2)
Autosomal recessive
low frequency band <0.1%
n = 4,203 dogs · 1 variant tested · OMIA:001984-9615 · omia.org →
Canine Multifocal Retinopathy 1 (CMR1)
Autosomal recessive
low frequency band <0.1%
n = 3,555 dogs · 1 variant tested · OMIA:001444-9615 · omia.org →
BEST1what this gene does

BEST1 is a gene that helps maintain the health of the retina, the light-sensitive layer at the back of the eye. It plays a role in keeping the cells in the retina functioning properly.

For your dog: If your dog is from a breed known to carry BEST1 variants, it’s worth discussing retinal health with your vet, especially if you notice any vision changes.

Exercise-Induced Collapse (EIC)
Autosomal recessive
low frequency band <0.1%
n = 4,203 dogs · 1 variant tested · OMIA:001466-9615 · omia.org →
DNM1what this gene does

DNM1 is a gene that helps nerve cells communicate properly by managing how they send signals during muscle activity.

For your dog: If your dog belongs to one of the breeds known to carry this gene variant, it's worth discussing EIC with your vet, especially if your dog is very active or shows signs of weakness during exercise.

Collie Eye Anomaly (CEA)
Autosomal recessive
low frequency band <0.1%
n = 3,555 dogs · 1 variant tested · OMIA:000218-9615 · omia.org →
NHEJ1what this gene does

NHEJ1 is a gene involved in repairing breaks in DNA, helping maintain the integrity of genetic information in cells.

For your dog: If your dog belongs to one of the breeds known to carry this gene variant, it's worth discussing testing with your vet to understand any potential eye health risks.

Skeletal Dysplasia 2 (SD2)
Autosomal recessive
low frequency band <0.1%
n = 3,555 dogs · 1 variant tested · OMIA:001772-9615 · omia.org →
COL11A2what this gene does

COL11A2 is a gene that helps produce a type of collagen important for healthy bones and cartilage.

For your dog: If your dog is from a breed known to carry COL11A2 variants, it's worth discussing genetic testing with your vet to understand any risks.

Early-Onset Progressive Polyneuropathy
Autosomal recessive
low frequency band <0.1%
n = 4,203 dogs · 2 variants tested · OMIA:002120-9615 · omia.org →
NDRG1what this gene does

NDRG1 is a gene involved in nerve cell function and maintenance, helping keep the nervous system working properly.

For your dog: If your dog is from a breed known to carry NDRG1 variants, it’s worth discussing with your vet, especially if you notice any mobility issues.

Show the other 8, ordered after these by frequency band, then allele frequency.
Cerebellar Ataxia <0.1% n = 4,202
Factor VII Deficiency <0.1% n = 3,555
Macrothrombocytopenia <0.1% n = 3,555
Progressive Retinal Atrophy (NECAP1-related) <0.1% n = 3,555
Polyneuropathy with Ocular Abnormalities and Neuronal Vacuolation (POANV) <0.1% n = 4,163
Dental Hypomineralisation <0.1% n = 4,201
Rod-Cone Dysplasia 3 (rcd3) <0.1% n = 4,203
Stargardt Disease <0.1% n = 4,203
Source: Donner J et al. 2023. Genetic prevalence and clinical relevance of canine Mendelian disease variants in over one million dogs. PLOS Genetics 19(2):e1010651 · Evidence: Limited (DTC ascertainment, tag-SNP proxy) · Confounding MEDIUM · License CC-BY-4.0 · Phene IDs from OMIA (Sydney School of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney; DOI 10.25910/2AMR-PV70).
Sample size in this breed: 7,853 dogs from the Donner 2023 cohort.
In plain terms

What these results mean for a Poodle

CDDY: a gene linked to disc (back) problems

About 100 in every 100 copies of this gene in the 1 Poodles tested carry this change (Donner 2023).

  • Extra copies of a growth gene called FGF4 shape a dog's legs and back. The copy on chromosome 12 is the one linked to disc disease. The copy on chromosome 18 makes legs shorter.
    OMIA 000157-9615

    “Two FGF4 retrogenes (FGF4L1 on chromosome 18 and FGF4L2 on chromosome 12) have been identified to cause dwarfism across many dog breeds.” OMIA 000157-9615

    “Brown et al. (2017) reported that an FGF4 retrogene insertion in chromosome CFA12” OMIA 000157-9615

  • Carrying it raises the risk, but it can't tell you which dog will have a disc problem. In Dachshunds, researchers found the test on its own isn't a reliable guide.
    OMIA 000157-9615

    “the FGF4 retrogene insertion on CFA12 is not a valid risk indicator on its own” OMIA 000157-9615

What to do
Ask your vet what the result means for your dog. The sources here don't say what lowers the risk for a dog that carries it.

Not tested, or a mix
Without a test, no one can tell. Short legs don't tell you either: the disc copy and the short-leg copy are different.

Degenerative myelopathy (DM)

About 50 in every 100 copies of this gene in the 1 Poodles tested carry this change (Donner 2023).

  • DM slowly damages the spinal cord in adult dogs, until the back legs stop working. Nothing yet can stop it.
    OMIA 000263-9615

    “This is an adult onset degeneration of the spinal cord that progresses to paraplegia and tetraparesis. There is no successful treatment. A genetic test is available.” OMIA 000263-9615

  • Two copies of the SOD1 gene change mean a dog is at risk, not that it will get sick. Some dogs with two copies never do.
    OMIA 000263-9615

    “some homozygous mutant dogs had no signs of degenerative myelopathy, which suggests incomplete penetrance or other causative loci” OMIA 000263-9615

  • One copy makes a dog a carrier. In the study that found this change, every dog with DM that was tested had two copies.
    OMIA 000263-9615

    “All affected dogs tested were homozygous mutant.” OMIA 000263-9615

What to do
A DNA result isn't a diagnosis. If the way your dog walks changes, take that and the result to your vet.

Not tested, or a mix
Without a test, no one can tell how many copies your dog has. How common it is in a breed says nothing about one dog.

A heart (DCM) test that doesn't hold up

Not a reliable test

About 3 in every 100 copies of this gene in the 3,555 Poodles tested carry this change (Donner 2023).

  • This gene change was linked to a heart disease called DCM in Dobermans, but it hasn't been shown to cause it. The curated record says a test for it isn't a good guide to heart risk, even in Dobermans.
    OMIA 000162-9615

    “it is evident that any DNA test based on this marker will not be a good indicator of liability to this disorder in Dobermans” OMIA 000162-9615

What to do
A result for this one isn't, by itself, a reason for heart tests. Whether to check your dog's heart is a conversation to have with your vet.

Not tested, or a mix
Outside the Doberman, no one has shown what this change means.

Which Mendelian variants matter most for Poodles?

The Donner 2023 cohort of Poodles (substrate breed designation: “Poodle”) returned no Mendelian variants at observable allele frequency in this breed. This is not the same as “Poodles have no genetic disease.” It means the tested variants, the ones segregating visibly in other breeds, do not appear above detection threshold in the Poodle population sampled.

The absence of high-frequency monogenic disease does not eliminate genetic risk.

This clean bill of genetic health on the Mendelian side is not the same as permission to ignore screening. Poodles develop hip dysplasia, progressive retinal atrophy (inherited but polygenic, not monogenic), ear infections, and Addison’s disease. The Poodle Club of America maintains a health survey. Those conditions are real; they are not captured in a single-variant test.

How should I test my Poodle?

The practical recommendation for Poodles is not a Mendelian panel, but orthopedic and ophthalmologic screening. The Orthopedic Foundation for Animals tracks hip dysplasia evaluations for Poodles at ofa.org. The Canine Eye Registration Foundation (CERF) tracks progressive retinal atrophy and cataracts in Poodles. For breeding stock, OFA hip and elbow radiographs and CERF annual eye exams are the established standard. Genetic counseling through a board-certified veterinary geneticist is useful when you are planning a cross and want to understand the polygenic risk landscape.

What should I feed a Poodle?

Poodles do not carry high-frequency Mendelian disease, which simplifies feeding choices compared to breeds with documented monogenic vulnerabilities. The breed’s typical health concerns, hip dysplasia, progressive retinal atrophy, ear infections, and Addison’s disease, are polygenic or environmental in origin, which means feeding strategy tracks breed size and life stage more than it tracks a single genetic bottleneck.

Poodles come in three size classes, and feeding must track size. Standard Poodles (45 to 70 pounds) are large-breed dogs. Miniature and Toy Poodles (15 to 35 pounds and under 15 pounds, respectively) have different caloric density requirements and hypoglycemia risk. A Standard Poodle puppy requires the same large-breed controlled-calcium formulation (calcium-to-phosphorus ratio 1.1:1 to 2:1 per NRC 2006) that any large-breed pup needs. Miniature and Toy Poodles eating a toy-breed formula are less at risk for orthopedic disease but more at risk for blood-sugar crashes if meals are skipped.

Ear infection is among the most common dermatologic complaints in Poodles (Poodle Club of America health survey, poodleclubofamerica.org). Poodles’ non-shedding coat traps moisture and debris in the ear canal, creating a chronic infection risk. High-omega-3 diets (from fish oil or flax) and regular ear cleaning are the environmental controls; feeding cannot eliminate the anatomic predisposition. Choose a formula that supports skin barrier integrity, one with adequate linoleic acid and a bioavailable protein source.

Progressive retinal atrophy is inherited but polygenic, not monogenic. The condition emerges in adulthood and is not prevented by diet, but antioxidant support (vitamin E, vitamin C, beta-carotene) does not hurt and tracks the preventive logic applied in breeds with documented PRA variants. A maintenance diet with adequate antioxidants is reasonable for adult Poodles of all sizes.

What we don’t know

The absence of detected Mendelian variants in the Poodle cohort could reflect several things: true genetic health at the loci tested, insufficient sample size (the cohort is small), sub-population stratification (Standard, Miniature, and Toy Poodles may have different allele frequencies and were likely pooled), or ascertainment bias in which Poodles were genotyped. A larger, size-stratified sample would clarify whether the clean Mendelian read is durable.

Progressive retinal atrophy is documented in Poodles clinically and is heritable, but the genetic architecture remains unsettled. No single PRA variant dominates Poodle cases the way PRCD does in some other breeds. The loci driving PRA in Poodles and the penetrance landscape are not yet known.

Addison’s disease (hypoadrenocorticism) is well-recognized in Poodles and appears to be heritable, but genetic studies in this breed are limited. The inheritance pattern and any associated variants are not yet published.

Frequently asked questions about Poodles

Are Poodles prone to any genetic diseases? Poodles do not carry the high-frequency Mendelian variants detected in some other breeds. Hip dysplasia, progressive retinal atrophy, and Addison’s disease do occur in Poodles but are polygenic or environmental, not single-gene. The Poodle Club of America maintains a health survey tracking these conditions.

How long do Poodles typically live? Cited life expectancy is 14 years (McMillan 2024 / VetCompass, n=6,427, 95% CI 13.8 to 14.1). Lifespan varies by size class; Toy and Miniature Poodles tend to outlive Standard Poodles, though breed-wide size-stratified lifespan data have not been published in a peer-reviewed source we can cite here.

Should I do a DNA test on my Poodle? A genetic Mendelian panel is not indicated for Poodles, since the breed does not carry high-frequency single-gene variants. For breeding stock, orthopedic screening (OFA hip and elbow radiographs) and ophthalmologic screening (CERF certification) are the established standard.

What is the most common health problem in Poodles? Ear infections are among the most commonly reported health complaints in Poodles, driven by the breed’s non-shedding coat and ear-canal anatomy (Poodle Club of America health survey, poodleclubofamerica.org). Regular ear cleaning and high-omega-3 feeding support prevention but cannot eliminate the anatomic predisposition.

What should I feed my Poodle? The choice depends on size class. Standard Poodles should eat a large-breed adult or puppy formula with controlled calcium (calcium-to-phosphorus ratio 1.1:1 to 2:1 for puppies per NRC 2006). Miniature and Toy Poodles eat toy or small-breed formulas. All Poodles benefit from diets supporting skin-barrier health (adequate linoleic acid) and ear health (adequate omega-3 fatty acids).

Are Poodles good with children? Yes. Poodles of all sizes are highly trainable and affectionate. Standard Poodles are sturdy enough for active families. Toy and Miniature Poodles require careful supervision around very young children due to their small size and fragility.

Do Poodles have any behavior problems? Poodles are working dogs bred for water retrieval and were selected for intelligence and trainability. They require regular mental and physical exercise. Under-exercised Poodles are prone to anxiety, excessive barking, and destructive behavior. Daily training and activity are non-negotiable.

What is the best diet for a Poodle? Any complete-and-balanced diet formulated for the breed’s life stage and size class. The breed has no documented vulnerability to grain-free diets flagged by FDA or breed-club advisories. Choose a formula with adequate skin-support nutrients (linoleic acid, vitamin E) and omega-3 fatty acids to support coat and ear health.

Temperament

What Poodles tend toward

Tendencies from owner surveys of purebred Poodles — a leaning across the breed, not a prediction for any one dog. A bar’s strength shows how much of that behavior breed actually explains: for most it’s faint, because the rest is your dog, their training, and the life you give them.

Biddabilitybreed ~18%
biddableindependent
Agonistic Thresholdbreed ~9%
assertivediffident
Dog Sociabilitybreed ~8%
less sociablehighly sociable
Human Sociabilitybreed ~11%
less sociablehighly sociable
Toy-directed Motor Patternsbreed ~18%
toy-directednot toy-directed
Environmental Engagementbreed ~9%
high engagementlow engagement
Arousal Levelbreed ~8%
arousedcomposed
Proximity Seekingbreed ~13%
affectionatealoof
n = 98 dogs · Morrill et al. 2022, Science, Darwin's Ark (CC0)
Owner-reported purebreds; each factor n ≥ 25. "Breed ~%" is the share of this behavior explained by breed.
Names & origins

Other names

The Poodle is also recorded as Caniche and Pudelhund.

Identified as Poodle (VBO:0201048) in the Vertebrate Breed Ontology (Mullen et al. 2025, CC-BY 4.0) · registry IDs FCI 172 · iDog 188 · VeNom 19045.

For researchers Population genetics, disease models and every recorded condition Open the research detail for the Poodle
What the atlas says about Poodle

In the atlas, the Poodle clusters consistently as Poodle (100% of the 55 dogs here). Genetic diversity is high (mean heterozygosity 0.3312), reflecting either a mixed-breed cluster or breeds with broad genetic backgrounds.

Mean heterozygosity is 0.331, notably high, which indicates a broad genetic background. High breed predictability score (1.31): individual dogs of this breed reliably cluster together genetically.

Life expectancy in the VetCompass cohort (McMillan 2024, n=6,427) is 14 years, about 2.0 years longer than the atlas size trend predicts for the breed, an unusually long life for its size.

Genetic dimensions · CanVAS atlas

What the atlas genotypes say about Poodle

Computed from the 14,478 CanVAS dogs in the Atlas, on an imputed genotype backbone: 77,215 directly typed sites per dog, imputed to 9.67 million variants.

The confidence below counts dogs, not reads: it is the size of the sample, and it is separate from how the genotypes were measured.

Dogs behind these figures
55Founders
26 from Hayward2016, 24 from Shannon, 5 from Chen
Genetic diversity
0.33Moderate
Mean heterozygosity across the breed. 30th most diverse of 107 ranked populations (26th to 39th when its dogs are resampled).
What does genetic diversity mean?

How varied a breed's gene pool is — the share of gene spots where a typical dog of the breed carries two different versions rather than two identical ones.

How to read it: Higher = more diverse. Among well-sampled breeds it ranges roughly 0.22 (least diverse) to 0.33 (most diverse).

Diversity is a strength, not a verdict on any individual dog. Lower diversity means it's worth paying attention to recessive-risk testing — not that a dog is doomed.

Cluster structure
Splits into two genetic sub-populations
Intra-breed RMS distance: 27.70 · likely working/show-line, regional, or kennel lineage split.
What does within-breed variation mean?

How much individual dogs within the breed differ from each other genetically.

How to read it: Higher = more internal variety among individuals of the breed.

Sensitive to how many dogs of the breed we've sampled.

Related breeds
Gave rise to
In the Non-Sporting group
Explore the full lineage map →
VBO foundation stock (breeding records) · AKC breed group
Relatedness is documented lineage + kennel family. Genetic-ancestry distance measures diversity, not kinship, so it isn't used here.
How long they live
14years (life expectancy)
95% CI 13.8–14.1 · VetCompass, McMillan 2024, n=6,427. source
What does typical lifespan mean?

The median age dogs of the breed tend to reach.

How to read it: Higher = longer-lived. Compare to longevity-for-size to see whether it's just a size effect.

Drawn from population lifespan records; individual dogs vary widely with care, genetics, and luck.

n = 55 dogs · high sample · CanVAS (Brundage 2026) · Sniff Atlas
A gift to human medicine

Poodles are a natural model for human disease

Because the same genes cause the same conditions across species, the inherited conditions documented in Poodles help researchers understand, and work toward treating, the human diseases they model. This is the dog advancing human medicine. The breed models the human disease; it does not have it, and this is not a prediction for your dog.

Human equivalents via OMIA → Mondo / OMIM. Model-of, not identity. The named gene is the canine locus, not a claim that a pet has the human disease.
Documented in OMIA

Every condition recorded in the Poodle

Beyond the testable carriers above, OMIA's literature catalogue records 5 genetic conditions in the Poodle, 4 of which have a known human equivalent. This is the documented landscape across all Poodles ever studied, not a prediction for any one dog.

Online Mendelian Inheritance in Animals (OMIA); Nicholas, Tammen & Sydney Informatics Hub, DOI 10.25910/2AMR-PV70
Documented in the breed's literature is not carrier status and not a forecast for an individual dog. Human equivalents are mapped via Mondo/OMIM. Allele frequencies (above) are the separately-measured testable subset (Donner 2023).
The data behind this page

Where every number on this page came from.

This page draws on three primary data sources. Allele frequencies for the Mendelian section come from Donner et al. 2023 (CC-BY-4.0). We grade these data at evidence Limited because the cohort is a direct-to-consumer ascertainment, which biases toward owners who chose to test their dogs. The panel also uses tag-SNP proxies for some variants rather than direct causal-variant assays. Limited is a study-design grade, not a quality grade: the Donner cohort is the largest open canine-genotype dataset in existence and we are grateful for it. We rate the confounding MEDIUM.

Population-genetic dimensions (heterozygosity, intra-breed PCA distance, nearest neighbors, trait-locus frequencies) come from CanVAS (Brundage 2026), harmonized through the Sniff Atlas. The exact release date and verification commit are pinned at the bottom of the page so a researcher can trace a number back to a specific snapshot. The disease-gene-variant graph comes from OMIA (Online Mendelian Inheritance in Animals; Nicholas, Tammen, and the Sydney Informatics Hub at the Sydney School of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney; retrieved April 2026, DOI 10.25910/2AMR-PV70).

What this page does not yet have. Inheritance modes and per-disease penetrance evidence from Donner 2023 are in the structured data for every variant the panel covers. Mondo, OMIM, Ensembl, and HGNC cross-references live on the gene and disease pages this page links to, rather than being repeated here. What is still absent from this breed page is anything not in the cited panel, and each such gap carries its cause where it appears.

How to cite this page. The computed dimensions on this page are derived from the open Sniff Atlas v1.0.2 (Gehring 2026, doi:10.5281/zenodo.20566358, CC-BY 4.0). Full citation formats including BibTeX, RIS, and CITATION.cff at sniff.world/cite.

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References
  1. Donner J, Freyer J, Davison S, Anderson H, Blades M, Honkanen L, et al. (2023). Genetic prevalence and clinical relevance of canine Mendelian disease variants in over one million dogs. PLOS Genetics 19(2):e1010651. doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1010651
  2. Brundage DM (2026). CanVAS: A Harmonized and Imputed Canine Variant Atlas. bioRxiv. doi:10.64898/2026.04.13.718238
  3. Nicholas, F.W., Tammen, I., & Sydney Informatics Hub. (2026). Online Mendelian Inheritance in Animals (OMIA) [dataset]. The University of Sydney. https://omia.org. doi:10.25910/2AMR-PV70 (retrieved April 2026).
Last updated
Sources: CanVAS (Brundage 2026) · Donner 2023 · OMIA