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Yorkshire Terrier

Life expectancy
13.3 years
95% CI 13.3 to 13.4 · McMillan 2024, n=14,579
Highest allele frequency
Degenerative Myelopathy
13% of gene copies · 8,367 dogs tested · Donner 2023
Behind this page
228 dogs
behind the atlas figures · 8,367 tested for variants
Then:Progressive Rod-Cone Degeneration · 6.8%Chondrodystrophy and Intervertebral Disc Disease Risk · 6.4%

Yorkshire Terriers have a cited life expectancy of 13.3 years (McMillan 2024 / VetCompass, n=14,579, 95% CI 13.3 to 13.4). The tested variant with the highest allele frequency is Degenerative Myelopathy, at 13% among the 8,367 Yorkshire Terriers tested (Donner 2023; gene copies, not dogs), then Progressive Rod-Cone Degeneration (6.8%) and Chondrodystrophy and Intervertebral Disc Disease Risk (6.4%).

Yorkshire Terrier
Photo: Svenska Mässan from Sweden · CC BY-SA 4.0 · Wikimedia

Also known as Yorkie.

See in the atlas → From CanVAS
Mendelian-disease genetics

Which disease variants turn up in Yorkshire Terriers?

From a panel of 250 Mendelian-disease variants screened in 1,054,293 dogs (Donner et al. 2023), 25 turn up in Yorkshire Terriers at observable frequency. The figure beside each is its allele frequency. Of the gene copies tested in this breed, the share that carry the variant. Every dog carries two copies, so this is not the share of dogs. It is not clinical risk. Most recessive variants require two copies for disease expression; many dominant variants show incomplete penetrance. Read this as a population fingerprint of what's in the gene pool, not a per-dog prediction.

Chondrodystrophy and Intervertebral Disc Disease Risk (CDDY)
Autosomal dominant
high frequency band 6.4%
n = 8,324 dogs · 1 variant tested · OMIA:000157-9615 · omia.org →
FGF4what this gene does

FGF4 influences leg length by affecting bone growth, leading to shorter legs in certain breeds.

For your dog: If your dog is from a breed known to carry this gene, it's worth discussing spinal health with your vet, but being a carrier doesn’t guarantee problems.

Degenerative Myelopathy (DM)
Autosomal recessive
moderate frequency band 13.0%
n = 8,367 dogs · 1 variant tested · OMIA:000263-9615 · omia.org →
SOD1what this gene does

SOD1 is a gene that helps protect cells from damage caused by harmful molecules called free radicals.

For your dog: If your dog is a carrier of SOD1 variants, it's worth discussing with your vet, but remember carrier status doesn't mean your dog will get the disease.

Dilated Cardiomyopathy risk factor (PDK4-related)
Multifactorial (OMIA); Autosomal dominant (Incomplete penetrance) (Donner 2023)
marker disputed 13.4%
n = 8,367 dogs · 2 variants tested · OMIA:000162-9615 · omia.org →
PDK4what this gene does

PDK4 helps regulate how cells use energy, especially in the heart muscle.

For your dog: If your dog is one of the breeds known to carry this gene, it’s worth discussing heart health with your vet, but being a carrier doesn’t mean your dog will develop disease.

Progressive Rod-Cone Degeneration (prcd-PRA)
Autosomal recessive
low frequency band 6.8%
n = 8,343 dogs · 1 variant tested · OMIA:001298-9615 · omia.org →
PRCDwhat this gene does

PRCD is a gene involved in the health of a dog's retina, the part of the eye that detects light and helps with vision.

For your dog: If your dog belongs to a breed known to carry PRCD changes, it's worth discussing eye health and potential genetic testing with your vet.

Cone-Rod Dystrophy (cord1-PRA/crd4)
Autosomal recessive
low frequency band 0.49%
n = 8,342 dogs · 1 variant tested · OMIA:001432-9615 · omia.org →
RPGRIP1what this gene does

RPGRIP1 is a gene involved in the function of photoreceptor cells in the eye, which help dogs see in different light conditions.

For your dog: If your dog belongs to a breed known to carry RPGRIP1 mutations, it’s worth discussing with your vet to understand the risks and monitor eye health.

Von Willebrand's Disease, Type 1 (vWD 1)
Autosomal (OMIA); Autosomal recessive (Donner 2023)
low frequency band 0.38%
n = 8,367 dogs · 1 variant tested · OMIA:001057-9615 · omia.org →
Primary Lens Luxation (PLL)
Autosomal recessive
Pathogenic low frequency band 0.36%
n = 8,367 dogs · 2 variants tested · OMIA:000588-9615 · omia.org →
ADAMTS17what this gene does

ADAMTS17 is a gene that influences body size and also plays a role in certain eye conditions. It affects the structure of tissues in the eye and elsewhere in the body.

For your dog: If your dog belongs to a breed known to carry ADAMTS17 variants, it’s worth discussing genetic testing and eye exams with your vet to stay ahead of potential issues.

Full ADAMTS17 gene page →
Canine Multifocal Retinopathy 1 (CMR1)
Autosomal recessive
low frequency band 0.32%
n = 8,367 dogs · 1 variant tested · OMIA:001444-9615 · omia.org →
BEST1what this gene does

BEST1 is a gene that helps maintain the health of the retina, the light-sensitive layer at the back of the eye. It plays a role in keeping the cells in the retina functioning properly.

For your dog: If your dog is from a breed known to carry BEST1 variants, it’s worth discussing retinal health with your vet, especially if you notice any vision changes.

Craniomandibular Osteopathy
Autosomal dominant with incomplete penetrance
low frequency band 0.20%
n = 8,367 dogs · 1 variant tested · OMIA:002244-9615 · omia.org →
SLC37A2what this gene does

SLC37A2 is a gene involved in how cells manage certain sugar molecules, which can affect bone development.

For your dog: If your dog is from a breed known to carry this gene variant, it's worth discussing with your vet, especially if you notice jaw discomfort or eating issues.

Cystinuria Type I-B (SLC7A9 p.A217T)
Autosomal dominant (OMIA); Autosomal recessive (Incomplete penetrance) (Donner 2023)
marker disputed <0.1%
n = 8,367 dogs · 2 variants tested · OMIA:001880-9615 · omia.org →
SLC7A9what this gene does

SLC7A9 is a gene that helps transport certain amino acids in the kidneys. It plays a role in how the body handles cystine, an amino acid that can form crystals.

For your dog: If your dog is a carrier, it’s worth discussing with your vet to monitor urinary health and catch any issues early.

Prekallikrein Deficiency
Autosomal recessive
low frequency band <0.1%
n = 8,367 dogs · 1 variant tested · OMIA:000819-9615 · omia.org →
KLKB1what this gene does

KLKB1 is a gene that helps produce prekallikrein, a protein involved in blood clotting and inflammation.

For your dog: If your dog is from a breed known to carry KLKB1 variants, it's worth asking your vet about blood clotting tests, especially before surgeries.

Collie Eye Anomaly (CEA)
Autosomal recessive
low frequency band <0.1%
n = 8,367 dogs · 1 variant tested · OMIA:000218-9615 · omia.org →
NHEJ1what this gene does

NHEJ1 is a gene involved in repairing breaks in DNA, helping maintain the integrity of genetic information in cells.

For your dog: If your dog belongs to one of the breeds known to carry this gene variant, it's worth discussing testing with your vet to understand any potential eye health risks.

Early-Onset Progressive Polyneuropathy
Autosomal recessive
low frequency band <0.1%
n = 8,367 dogs · 2 variants tested · OMIA:002120-9615 · omia.org →
NDRG1what this gene does

NDRG1 is a gene involved in nerve cell function and maintenance, helping keep the nervous system working properly.

For your dog: If your dog is from a breed known to carry NDRG1 variants, it’s worth discussing with your vet, especially if you notice any mobility issues.

Progressive Retinal Atrophy (NECAP1-related)
Autosomal recessive
low frequency band <0.1%
n = 8,367 dogs · 1 variant tested · OMIA:002198-9615 · omia.org →
Bleeding disorder (P2RY12-related)
Autosomal recessive
low frequency band <0.1%
n = 8,367 dogs · 1 variant tested · OMIA:001564-9615 · omia.org →
P2RY12what this gene does

P2RY12 is a gene that helps control how platelets stick together to form blood clots, which is essential for stopping bleeding.

For your dog: If your dog is from one of these breeds, it’s worth asking your vet about P2RY12 to understand any potential bleeding risks, especially before surgery or injury.

Macrothrombocytopenia
Autosomal recessive
low frequency band <0.1%
n = 8,367 dogs · 1 variant tested · OMIA:002434-9615 · omia.org →
TUBB1what this gene does

TUBB1 is a gene that helps make the building blocks of platelets, which are tiny blood cells important for clotting. It plays a key role in keeping platelet size and number normal.

For your dog: If your dog is from one of the breeds known to carry TUBB1 variants, it’s worth mentioning to your vet, especially before surgeries or if you notice unusual bleeding.

Congenital Hypothyroidism
Autosomal recessive
low frequency band <0.1%
n = 8,366 dogs · 2 variants tested · OMIA:000536-9615 · omia.org →
Dental Hypomineralisation
Autosomal recessive
low frequency band <0.1%
n = 8,363 dogs · 1 variant tested · OMIA:002015-9615 · omia.org →
FAM20Cwhat this gene does

FAM20C is a gene that plays a key role in the mineralization of teeth, helping them develop properly and stay strong.

For your dog: If your dog is from one of these breeds, it's worth mentioning FAM20C to your vet when discussing dental care, but being a carrier doesn't mean your dog will have problems.

Cystinuria Type I-A (SLC3A1 p.I192V)
Autosomal recessive
low frequency band <0.1%
n = 8,367 dogs · 3 variants tested · OMIA:000256-9615 · omia.org →
SLC3A1what this gene does

SLC3A1 is a gene that helps transport certain amino acids in the kidneys. It plays a key role in preventing the buildup of cystine, which can form stones.

For your dog: If your dog is from a breed known to carry SLC3A1 variants, it’s worth discussing cystinuria risks with your vet, especially if urinary issues arise.

Exercise-Induced Collapse (EIC)
Autosomal recessive
low frequency band <0.1%
n = 8,366 dogs · 1 variant tested · OMIA:001466-9615 · omia.org →
DNM1what this gene does

DNM1 is a gene that helps nerve cells communicate properly by managing how they send signals during muscle activity.

For your dog: If your dog belongs to one of the breeds known to carry this gene variant, it's worth discussing EIC with your vet, especially if your dog is very active or shows signs of weakness during exercise.

Show the other 5, ordered after these by frequency band, then allele frequency.
Glanzmann Thrombasthenia, Type I <0.1% n = 8,367
Glycogen Storage Disease, Type Ia (GSD Ia) <0.1% n = 8,367
MDR1 (Multidrug Resistance 1) Medication Sensitivity <0.1% n = 8,367
Persistent Müllerian Duct Syndrome (PMDS) <0.1% n = 8,367
Progressive Retinal Atrophy (IMPG2-related PRA4) <0.1% n = 8,367
Source: Donner J et al. 2023. Genetic prevalence and clinical relevance of canine Mendelian disease variants in over one million dogs. PLOS Genetics 19(2):e1010651 · Evidence: Limited (DTC ascertainment, tag-SNP proxy) · Confounding MEDIUM · License CC-BY-4.0 · Phene IDs from OMIA (Sydney School of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney; DOI 10.25910/2AMR-PV70).
Sample size in this breed: 8,367 dogs from the Donner 2023 cohort.
In plain terms

What these results mean for a Yorkshire Terrier

CDDY: a gene linked to disc (back) problems

About 6 in every 100 copies of this gene in the 8,324 Yorkshire Terriers tested carry this change (Donner 2023).

  • Extra copies of a growth gene called FGF4 shape a dog's legs and back. The copy on chromosome 12 is the one linked to disc disease. The copy on chromosome 18 makes legs shorter.
    OMIA 000157-9615

    “Two FGF4 retrogenes (FGF4L1 on chromosome 18 and FGF4L2 on chromosome 12) have been identified to cause dwarfism across many dog breeds.” OMIA 000157-9615

    “Brown et al. (2017) reported that an FGF4 retrogene insertion in chromosome CFA12” OMIA 000157-9615

  • Carrying it raises the risk, but it can't tell you which dog will have a disc problem. In Dachshunds, researchers found the test on its own isn't a reliable guide.
    OMIA 000157-9615

    “the FGF4 retrogene insertion on CFA12 is not a valid risk indicator on its own” OMIA 000157-9615

What to do
Ask your vet what the result means for your dog. The sources here don't say what lowers the risk for a dog that carries it.

Not tested, or a mix
Without a test, no one can tell. Short legs don't tell you either: the disc copy and the short-leg copy are different.

Degenerative myelopathy (DM)

About 13 in every 100 copies of this gene in the 8,367 Yorkshire Terriers tested carry this change (Donner 2023).

  • DM slowly damages the spinal cord in adult dogs, until the back legs stop working. Nothing yet can stop it.
    OMIA 000263-9615

    “This is an adult onset degeneration of the spinal cord that progresses to paraplegia and tetraparesis. There is no successful treatment. A genetic test is available.” OMIA 000263-9615

  • Two copies of the SOD1 gene change mean a dog is at risk, not that it will get sick. Some dogs with two copies never do.
    OMIA 000263-9615

    “some homozygous mutant dogs had no signs of degenerative myelopathy, which suggests incomplete penetrance or other causative loci” OMIA 000263-9615

  • One copy makes a dog a carrier. In the study that found this change, every dog with DM that was tested had two copies.
    OMIA 000263-9615

    “All affected dogs tested were homozygous mutant.” OMIA 000263-9615

What to do
A DNA result isn't a diagnosis. If the way your dog walks changes, take that and the result to your vet.

Not tested, or a mix
Without a test, no one can tell how many copies your dog has. How common it is in a breed says nothing about one dog.

A heart (DCM) test that doesn't hold up

Not a reliable test

About 13 in every 100 copies of this gene in the 8,367 Yorkshire Terriers tested carry this change (Donner 2023).

  • This gene change was linked to a heart disease called DCM in Dobermans, but it hasn't been shown to cause it. The curated record says a test for it isn't a good guide to heart risk, even in Dobermans.
    OMIA 000162-9615

    “it is evident that any DNA test based on this marker will not be a good indicator of liability to this disorder in Dobermans” OMIA 000162-9615

What to do
A result for this one isn't, by itself, a reason for heart tests. Whether to check your dog's heart is a conversation to have with your vet.

Not tested, or a mix
Outside the Doberman, no one has shown what this change means.

Which Mendelian variants matter most for Yorkshire Terriers?

The Mendelian-disease table above lists variants screened in 8,367 Yorkshire Terriers (Donner 2023). Four carry frequencies high enough to matter clinically; two of those dominate the breed’s health conversation.

Progressive Rod-Cone Degeneration (prcd-PRA)

Progressive rod-cone degeneration in Yorkshire Terriers is an autosomal-recessive retinal atrophy. Affected dogs gradually lose vision, starting with night blindness and progressing to total blindness, typically in middle age. The variant’s allele frequency among tested Yorkshire Terriers is 6.8% (Donner 2023, n=8,343).

Testing is straightforward and available from most canine genetic laboratories. The breed-club health perspective is to test breeding stock and avoid carrier-to-carrier pairings.

What should I feed a Yorkshire Terrier?

Yorkshire Terriers weigh 4 to 7 pounds as adults, which means missed meals carry real metabolic risk. A single skipped feeding can drop a Yorkshire Terrier’s blood sugar into the hypoglycemic range within hours.

Meal frequency and timing are non-negotiable. Puppies need four meals daily until age six months, then three meals until age one year, then two meals daily for life. A Yorkshire Terrier eating once a day is a Yorkshire Terrier at metabolic risk. Caloric needs for a 4-pound adult Yorkshire Terrier are modest; consult your veterinarian or a board-certified veterinary nutritionist for an individualized target based on activity level and body condition score. Feed on a schedule, not ad libitum.

Weight management from youth onward is critical. Yorkshire Terriers are food-motivated and their small frame means a single pound of extra weight represents roughly 14 to 25% of their body mass for a breed that weighs 4 to 7 pounds. Obesity accelerates IVDD presentation in CDDY carriers and complicates cardiac management. Measure portions. Use a kitchen scale, not guessing.

Avoid raw-meat diets without clear nutritional analysis. Small-breed puppies and adults have tighter margins for nutrient timing than large-breed dogs. If you feed raw or home-cooked meals, work with a board-certified veterinary nutritionist (American College of Veterinary Nutrition, ACVN) to ensure calcium, phosphorus, and taurine are adequate. Commercial raw diets vary widely in nutrient balance; most lack published feeding-trial data.

Frequently asked questions about Yorkshire Terriers

How long do Yorkshire Terriers live? Cited life expectancy is 13.3 years (McMillan 2024 / VetCompass, n=14,579, 95% CI 13.3 to 13.4). Life expectancy is typical for toy breeds. Good nutrition, weight management, and regular veterinary care are the primary levers.

What is the best diet for a Yorkshire Terrier? Two meals daily of a grain-inclusive, taurine-fortified adult formula from a manufacturer with published feeding trials. Portion control is critical because Yorkshire Terriers are small and food-motivated. Avoid meal-skipping; one missed feeding can risk hypoglycemia.

Are Yorkshire Terriers good with kids? Yorkshire Terriers are toy breeds weighing 4 to 7 pounds, which makes them fragile around small children. Supervision is essential. They bond well to their people and are alert and affectionate in stable households.

Do Yorkshire Terriers need special grooming? Yorkshire Terriers have a long, silky coat that requires daily brushing to prevent matting. Many owners keep them in a short puppy clip for easier maintenance. Grooming is a breed standard, not optional.

What is intervertebral disc disease and should I worry about it? Intervertebral disc disease (IVDD) is spinal-cord compression from disc herniation. The CDDY variant has an allele frequency of 6.4% among tested Yorkshire Terriers, but the breed does not have the shortened-limb morphology that amplifies disc-disease risk in Dachshunds. The genetic risk is real; prevention includes weight management and avoiding repetitive jumping and stairs.

Temperament

What Yorkshire Terriers tend toward

Tendencies from owner surveys of purebred Yorkshire Terriers — a leaning across the breed, not a prediction for any one dog. A bar’s strength shows how much of that behavior breed actually explains: for most it’s faint, because the rest is your dog, their training, and the life you give them.

Dog Sociabilitybreed ~8%
less sociablehighly sociable
Biddabilitybreed ~18%
biddableindependent
Toy-directed Motor Patternsbreed ~18%
toy-directednot toy-directed
Environmental Engagementbreed ~9%
high engagementlow engagement
Agonistic Thresholdbreed ~9%
assertivediffident
Arousal Levelbreed ~8%
arousedcomposed
Human Sociabilitybreed ~11%
less sociablehighly sociable
Proximity Seekingbreed ~13%
affectionatealoof
n = 35 dogs · Morrill et al. 2022, Science, Darwin's Ark (CC0)
Owner-reported purebreds; each factor n ≥ 25. "Breed ~%" is the share of this behavior explained by breed.
Names & origins

Other names

The Yorkshire Terrier is also recorded as Yorkie.

Identified as Yorkshire Terrier (VBO:0201448) in the Vertebrate Breed Ontology (Mullen et al. 2025, CC-BY 4.0) · registry IDs FCI 86 · iDog 262 · VeNom 15087.

For researchers Population genetics, disease models and every recorded condition Open the research detail for the Yorkshire Terrier
What the atlas says about Yorkshire Terrier

In the atlas, the Yorkshire Terrier clusters consistently as Yorkshire Terrier (100% of the 228 dogs here).

High breed predictability score (1.03): individual dogs of this breed reliably cluster together genetically.

Genetic dimensions · CanVAS atlas

What the atlas genotypes say about Yorkshire Terrier

Computed from the 14,478 CanVAS dogs in the Atlas, on an imputed genotype backbone: 77,215 directly typed sites per dog, imputed to 9.67 million variants.

The confidence below counts dogs, not reads: it is the size of the sample, and it is separate from how the genotypes were measured.

Dogs behind these figures
228Founders
129 from Hayward2016, 82 from Shannon, 10 from Spatola
Genetic diversity
0.32Moderate
Mean heterozygosity across the breed. 45th most diverse of 107 ranked populations (39th to 53rd when its dogs are resampled).
What does genetic diversity mean?

How varied a breed's gene pool is — the share of gene spots where a typical dog of the breed carries two different versions rather than two identical ones.

How to read it: Higher = more diverse. Among well-sampled breeds it ranges roughly 0.22 (least diverse) to 0.33 (most diverse).

Diversity is a strength, not a verdict on any individual dog. Lower diversity means it's worth paying attention to recessive-risk testing — not that a dog is doomed.

Cluster structure
Splits into two genetic sub-populations
Intra-breed RMS distance: 23.91 · likely working/show-line, regional, or kennel lineage split.
What does within-breed variation mean?

How much individual dogs within the breed differ from each other genetically.

How to read it: Higher = more internal variety among individuals of the breed.

Sensitive to how many dogs of the breed we've sampled.

Related breeds
Built from
Gave rise to
Close cousins
Distant kin · one shared founding ancestor
In the Toy group
Explore the full lineage map →
VBO foundation stock (breeding records) · AKC breed group
Relatedness is documented lineage + kennel family. Genetic-ancestry distance measures diversity, not kinship, so it isn't used here.
How long they live
13.3years (life expectancy)
95% CI 13.3–13.4 · VetCompass, McMillan 2024, n=14,579. source
What does typical lifespan mean?

The median age dogs of the breed tend to reach.

How to read it: Higher = longer-lived. Compare to longevity-for-size to see whether it's just a size effect.

Drawn from population lifespan records; individual dogs vary widely with care, genetics, and luck.

n = 228 dogs · high sample · CanVAS (Brundage 2026) · Sniff Atlas
A gift to human medicine

Yorkshire Terriers are a natural model for human disease

Because the same genes cause the same conditions across species, the inherited conditions documented in Yorkshire Terriers help researchers understand, and work toward treating, the human diseases they model. This is the dog advancing human medicine. The breed models the human disease; it does not have it, and this is not a prediction for your dog.

Human equivalents via OMIA → Mondo / OMIM. Model-of, not identity. The named gene is the canine locus, not a claim that a pet has the human disease.
Documented in OMIA

Every condition recorded in the Yorkshire Terrier

Beyond the testable carriers above, OMIA's literature catalogue records 19 genetic conditions in the Yorkshire Terrier, 15 of which have a known human equivalent. This is the documented landscape across all Yorkshire Terriers ever studied, not a prediction for any one dog.

Plus 1 more conditions recorded in the Yorkshire Terrier in OMIA.

Online Mendelian Inheritance in Animals (OMIA); Nicholas, Tammen & Sydney Informatics Hub, DOI 10.25910/2AMR-PV70
Documented in the breed's literature is not carrier status and not a forecast for an individual dog. Human equivalents are mapped via Mondo/OMIM. Allele frequencies (above) are the separately-measured testable subset (Donner 2023).
The data behind this page

Where every number on this page came from.

This page draws on three primary data sources. Allele frequencies for the Mendelian section come from Donner et al. 2023 (CC-BY-4.0). We grade these data at evidence Limited because the cohort is a direct-to-consumer ascertainment, which biases toward owners who chose to test their dogs. The panel also uses tag-SNP proxies for some variants rather than direct causal-variant assays. Limited is a study-design grade, not a quality grade: the Donner cohort is the largest open canine-genotype dataset in existence and we are grateful for it. We rate the confounding MEDIUM.

Population-genetic dimensions (heterozygosity, intra-breed PCA distance, nearest neighbors, trait-locus frequencies) come from CanVAS (Brundage 2026), harmonized through the Sniff Atlas. The exact release date and verification commit are pinned at the bottom of the page so a researcher can trace a number back to a specific snapshot. The disease-gene-variant graph comes from OMIA (Online Mendelian Inheritance in Animals; Nicholas, Tammen, and the Sydney Informatics Hub at the Sydney School of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney; retrieved April 2026, DOI 10.25910/2AMR-PV70).

What this page does not yet have. Inheritance modes and per-disease penetrance evidence from Donner 2023 are in the structured data for every variant the panel covers. Mondo, OMIM, Ensembl, and HGNC cross-references live on the gene and disease pages this page links to, rather than being repeated here. What is still absent from this breed page is anything not in the cited panel, and each such gap carries its cause where it appears.

How to cite this page. The computed dimensions on this page are derived from the open Sniff Atlas v1.0.2 (Gehring 2026, doi:10.5281/zenodo.20566358, CC-BY 4.0). Full citation formats including BibTeX, RIS, and CITATION.cff at sniff.world/cite.

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References
  1. Donner J, Freyer J, Davison S, Anderson H, Blades M, Honkanen L, et al. (2023). Genetic prevalence and clinical relevance of canine Mendelian disease variants in over one million dogs. PLOS Genetics 19(2):e1010651. doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1010651
  2. Brundage DM (2026). CanVAS: A Harmonized and Imputed Canine Variant Atlas. bioRxiv. doi:10.64898/2026.04.13.718238
  3. Nicholas, F.W., Tammen, I., & Sydney Informatics Hub. (2026). Online Mendelian Inheritance in Animals (OMIA) [dataset]. The University of Sydney. https://omia.org. doi:10.25910/2AMR-PV70 (retrieved April 2026).
Last updated
Sources: CanVAS (Brundage 2026) · Donner 2023 · OMIA